How Many Breeds Of Saint Bernards Are There?

saint bernard breeds

The question of how many breeds of Saint Bernards exist is surprisingly complex. While generally accepted as a single breed, the Saint Bernard has a history marked by variations in size, coat type, and even purpose, leading some to debate its true classification.

Officially, and for the vast majority of kennel clubs and breed registries worldwide, there is one breed: the Saint Bernard. This encompasses all accepted variations within the established breed standard. The American Kennel Club (AKC), the Kennel Club (UK), and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), among others, all recognize a single Saint Bernard breed.

However, historically, two main coat variations have been consistently observed and acknowledged: the short-haired (smooth coat) and the long-haired. These are not separate breeds but are rather variations within the same breed. The gene responsible for hair length is relatively simple, leading to these distinct coat types. Breed standards address both coat variations, outlining acceptable characteristics for each.

The distinction between short-haired and long-haired Saint Bernards arose naturally from breeding practices in the Swiss Alps. Shorter coats were favored by some for their practicality in snowy conditions, as they were less prone to collecting snow and ice. Long-haired Saint Bernards, while perhaps less practical for certain working roles, were still considered valuable and were bred accordingly.

Furthermore, historical accounts sometimes allude to different sizes or types of Saint Bernards, reflecting the breed’s evolution from farm dogs and guard dogs to the iconic rescue dogs associated with the Great St. Bernard Hospice. Some lines might have been larger and more heavily built for hauling or guarding, while others may have been slightly lighter and more agile for navigating mountainous terrain. However, these were regional variations within the developing breed rather than distinct, deliberately separated breeding lines.

It’s important to note that the standardization of the Saint Bernard breed occurred relatively late in its history. Before breed standards were established and consistently enforced, there was a greater degree of variation in appearance and temperament. This historical context contributes to the occasional misconception about multiple breeds. Today, responsible breeders strive to adhere to the breed standard, maintaining the essential characteristics of the Saint Bernard while preserving genetic diversity within the recognized breed.

In conclusion, while historical and regional variations existed within the Saint Bernard’s development, the modern consensus and official recognition affirm that there is only one breed of Saint Bernard, encompassing both short-haired and long-haired coat variations. The differences observed are considered variations within the breed, not justifications for classifying them as separate breeds.