Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) and Syringomyelia

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, a breed renowned for its affectionate nature and charming appearance, is unfortunately predisposed to certain health conditions, most notably Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) and Syringomyelia (SM).

Mitral Valve Disease (MVD)

MVD is a progressive heart condition where the mitral valve, responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, deteriorates. This deterioration leads to a heart murmur, which can be detected by a veterinarian during a physical examination. As the disease progresses, the backflow increases, causing the heart to enlarge and potentially leading to congestive heart failure.

Key Facts about MVD in Cavaliers:

• High Prevalence: MVD is incredibly common in Cavaliers, affecting a significant percentage of the breed, often starting at a young age.
• Genetic Component: MVD is believed to have a strong genetic component in Cavaliers. Researchers are actively working to identify the genes responsible.
• Progression: The disease is progressive, meaning it worsens over time. Early detection allows for management and potential slowing of the progression.
• Symptoms: Early stages may be asymptomatic. As MVD advances, signs can include coughing, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and a heart murmur detected by a veterinarian.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis involves a physical examination, auscultation (listening to the heart with a stethoscope), and often an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) to assess the mitral valve and heart function.
• Treatment: Treatment typically involves medication to manage the symptoms of heart failure, such as diuretics to reduce fluid buildup and other drugs to support heart function.
• Screening: Regular cardiac examinations by a veterinarian are crucial, especially as the dog ages. Some breeders utilize cardiac certifications, such as those offered by veterinary cardiologists, to screen breeding stock.

Syringomyelia (SM)

Syringomyelia (SM) is a condition where fluid-filled cavities (syrinxes) develop within the spinal cord. In Cavaliers, this is often associated with a malformation where the back of the skull is too small for the brain, leading to pressure on the spinal cord and disruption of cerebrospinal fluid flow. This pressure and fluid buildup create the syrinxes.

Key Facts about SM in Cavaliers:

• Genetic Predisposition: SM is believed to have a genetic basis in Cavaliers.
• Painful Condition: SM can be very painful. The expanding syrinxes put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.
• Symptoms: Symptoms vary widely depending on the location and size of the syrinx. Common signs include scratching at the neck or shoulders (often without making contact), sensitivity to touch around the head or neck, neck pain, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), weakness, and incoordination. Some dogs show no visible symptoms.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis requires an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan of the brain and spinal cord.
• Treatment: Treatment options depend on the severity of the symptoms. Pain management is a primary goal, often involving medication. In severe cases, surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord may be considered.
• Screening: MRI screening is used by some breeders to assess the presence and severity of SM in breeding stock.

Prospective Cavalier owners should be aware of the potential for MVD and SM. Choosing a reputable breeder who screens their dogs for these conditions can significantly reduce the risk. Regular veterinary checkups are essential for early detection and management of these and other potential health problems. Open communication with your veterinarian is crucial for providing the best possible care for your Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.