Dog Bite Dangers: Infection Risks & What to Do Immediately

Dog bites are more common than you might think. While many result in minor injuries, all dog bites carry a risk of infection and should be taken seriously. Understanding the potential dangers and knowing how to react immediately is crucial to minimizing the risk of complications.

Infection Risks: A Serious Concern

Dogs’ mouths contain a multitude of bacteria, some of which can be harmful to humans. Several types of infections can develop from a dog bite, including:

• Bacterial Infections: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pasteurella are common bacteria found in dogs’ mouths. These can cause cellulitis (a skin infection), abscesses, and even more serious systemic infections if left untreated. Capnocytophaga canimorsus is another bacterium found in canine saliva that, while rare, can lead to severe illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems.
• Rabies: This is a viral disease affecting the central nervous system and is almost always fatal if untreated. While rabies vaccination is common in domestic dogs in many countries, exposure to unvaccinated animals, particularly wild animals that then bite a dog who then bites you, is still a concern.
• Tetanus: Tetanus is caused by bacteria entering the body through a wound. While not directly from the dog’s saliva, puncture wounds from dog bites create an ideal environment for tetanus spores found in the environment to thrive.
• MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): Dogs can carry MRSA, and bites can transmit this antibiotic-resistant bacteria. MRSA infections are difficult to treat and can cause serious health problems.

Immediate Actions After a Dog Bite

Taking the right steps immediately after a dog bite can significantly reduce the risk of infection and other complications:

1. Wash the Wound Thoroughly: Immediately wash the bite area with soap and warm water for at least 10-15 minutes. Use an antibacterial soap if possible. This is the most important step in preventing infection.
2. Control the Bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth to stop the bleeding. Elevate the injured area if possible.
3. Apply Antibiotic Ointment: After washing and drying the wound, apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment (such as Neosporin or Bacitracin) to help prevent infection.
4. Bandage the Wound: Cover the wound with a clean bandage.
5. Seek Medical Attention: It’s essential to see a doctor, especially if:
   • The bite is deep or puncture wound.
   • Bleeding doesn’t stop after 15 minutes of direct pressure.
   • There are signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, pus, or increasing pain.
   • You haven’t had a tetanus booster in the past 5-10 years.
   • You are unsure of the dog’s rabies vaccination status.
   • You have a weakened immune system.
6. Report the Bite: Report the dog bite to your local animal control or health department. This helps them track potentially rabid animals and ensure public safety. Provide as much information as possible about the dog, including its owner’s name and address if you know it.

Prevention is Key

While prompt treatment is vital, preventing dog bites is the best approach. Always exercise caution around dogs, especially unfamiliar ones. Teach children how to interact safely with dogs, and never leave young children unsupervised with a dog.